學生在寫作時,無論詞彙多麼豐富,文字有時仍似「原地踏步」。本文介紹一種為文字增添動感的寫作技巧——「Chi」。Chi是希臘字母χ,其形態(tài)與英文字母X的小寫相似,書寫時筆畫需從左上移至右下,再從右上返回左下。由這個字母引申出的句式稱為「交錯配列法」(Chiasmus)。當我們討論交錯結構(chiastic structure)時,會將其重複出現(xiàn)的部分依次標記為A、B、C等。

先以大仲馬《三劍客》(The Three Musketeers)中的座右銘(motto)為例,分析其句子結構,再解讀其含義?!窤ll for one. One for all」(人人為我,我為人人)。我們將這種句式稱為ABBA。其字面含義是「全體為一人,一人為全體」。雖然這只是一個短語,甚至不是一個完整的句子,但這個口號寓意深刻,首先它展示了如何強化文字表達:「All」指代三位劍客,「for one」象徵團結一心;而這份團結能讓每位成員安心。心安之後,成員便能全情投入地執(zhí)行任務。其中隱含著團結一致(solidarity和unity)的深意。

另一個ABBA的例子來自甘迺迪總統(tǒng)的就職演說:「My fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country」(我的美國同胞們:不要問國家能為你們做些什麼,而要問你們能為國家做些什麼)。其用意是呼籲民眾不要被動等待,而應主動承擔起共同建設國家的責任。這個例子通過角色互換,實現(xiàn)了從被動到主動的轉變效果。

朋友在觀看一部五幕歌?。∣pera in Five Acts)的尾聲時,不禁脫口而出:「好了,終於結束了。」然而他的女友告訴他:「It's not the beginning of the end, it's the end of the beginning」(這不是終結的開始,而是開始的終結)。原來即將結束的只是第一部分,幸好中間有小休(intermission)可以稍作放鬆。這是一個局面反轉的用法。

這種句式不僅能實現(xiàn)方向轉換,也能在同一方向上深化表達。例如:「The old lady remembers her miserable past. Her loved ones were forgotten by the old lady」(老太太憶起她悲慘的過往。她的至親卻被老太太遺忘了)。

敘事中的運用

巴別塔的故事是運用交錯配列法的絕佳範例,因此我節(jié)錄了《聖經(jīng)·創(chuàng)世記》第十一章一至九節(jié):

Now the whole world had one language and a common speech. As people moved eastward, they found a plain in Shinar and settled there.

They said to each other, "Come, let's make bricks and bake them thoroughly." They used brick instead of stone, and tar for mortar. Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves; otherwise we will be scattered over the face of the whole earth."

But the Lord came down to see the city and the tower the people were building. The Lord said, "If as one people speaking the same language they have begun to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them. Come, let us go down and confuse their language so they will not understand each other."

So the Lord scattered them from there over all the earth, and they stopped building the city. That is why it was called Babel—because there the Lord confused the language of the whole world. From there the Lord scattered them over the face of the whole earth.

讓我們簡要梳理故事的進展:起初,人們使用同一種語言,說一樣的話。他們向東遷徙,計劃建造一座城和一座通天塔,以此為自己揚名,以免分散到世界各地。後來,神降臨,打亂了他們的語言,使他們無法溝通,並將他們分散到各地,迫使建城工程停止。有一種說法是,這座尚未正式命名的塔,被人們稱為「巴別塔」(Babel),意為「神之門」。

每一層出現(xiàn)的要素,均有對應的相反要素,能令故事變得更精彩,這種寫作方法值得參考。

●康源 專業(yè)英語導師